Double Judge Bench of the High Court of Delhi has Restrained the "DIL AFZA" from manufacturing and selling any
product under Class 32 under the impugned trademark ‘DIL AFZA’
till the disposal of the suit.
The Bench Comprising of JUSTICE VIBHU BAKHRU and JUSTICE AMIT MAHAJAN while hearing the Civil Appeal titled HAMDARD NATIONAL FOUNDATION
(INDIA) & ANR VERSUS SADAR LABORATORIES PVT LTD presented against an order dated 06.01.2022 (hereafter ‘the impugned order’) passed by the learned
Single Judge, whereby the appellants’ application under Order
XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (being
I.A. 12032/2020 in CS (COMM) 551/2020 captioned Hamdard
National Foundation (India) & Anr. v. Sadar Laboratories Pvt.
Limited), seeking an interim injunction against the respondent, Sadar
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (hereafter ‘the respondent’), from infringing
the appellants’ registered trademarks, was rejected.
The appellants had filed a suit, CS(COMM)
551/2020, seeking a permanent injunction restraining the
respondent from using the trademark ‘SHARBAT DIL AFZA’, which,
the appellants claim, is deceptively similar to the registered mark
‘ROOH AFZA’. The appellants claim that use of the impugned
trademark ‘SHARBAT DIL AFZA’/ ‘DIL AFZA’ is likely to cause
confusion and amounts to infringement of the registered trademark
‘SHARBAT ROOH AFZA’/ ‘ROOH AFZA’. The appellants further
claim that use of the said mark, in respect of any goods, particularly
syrups/sharbats, is intended to deceive customers; constitutes unfair
competition; would result in dilution of the trademark ‘ROOH AFZA’;
and amounts to passing off.
3. The controversy, in the case, related to the word
trademark ‘SHARBAT DIL AFZA’ (hereafter also referred to as ‘the
impugned trademark’), which is registered in favour of the
respondent in Class 5 as well as Class 32.
4. The appellants in the case claimed that the trademark ‘SHARBAT ROOH
AFZA’ has been used continuously since the year 1907 in respect of a
sweet beverage concentrate, manufactured and sold by the appellants.
The respondent has recently launched a similar product (sweet
beverage concentrate) under the brand name ‘SHARBAT DIL AFZA’.
After Hearing both the Parties, the Court Came to the Conclusion as Under:
Reasons and Conclusions
27. The question whether there is any likelihood of confusion is
required to be considered bearing in mind several factors. In the United
States of America, the statute, Restatement of Torts § 729 (1938), lists
out the following four factors:
“(a) the degree of similarity between the designation and the trade-mark or trade name in (i) appearance; (ii) pronunciation of the words used; (iii) verbal translation of the pictures or designs involved; (iv) suggestion; (b) the intent of the actor in adopting the designation; (c) the relation in use and manner of marketing between the goods or services marketed by the other; (d) the degree of care likely to be exercised by purchasers.”
28. The three tests of sound, sight and meaning are now well
accepted for determining the similarity between competing marks.
And, similarity in any of the three aspects – visual impression, verbal
sound, and meaning – may be sufficient to result in confusion. The
question of similarity and the likelihood of confusion between two
competing marks is determined on the basis of their overall
commercial impression.
29. In re E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (476 F.2d 1357, 177 USPQ 563 (CCPA 1973), the United States
Supreme Court had set out the following factors to be considered for
ascertaining whether there is likelihood of confusion:
“1. The similarity or dissimilarity of the marks in their entireties as to appearance, sound, connotation, and commercial impression.
2. The similarity or dissimilarity and nature of the goods . . . described in an application or registration or in connection with which a prior mark is in use.
3. The similarity or dissimilarity of established, likelyto-continue trade channels.
4. The conditions under which and buyers to whom sales are made, i.e. “impulse” vs. careful, sophisticated purchasing.
5. The fame of the prior mark.
6. The number and nature of similar marks in use on similar goods.
7. The nature and extent of any actual confusion.
8. The length of time during and the conditions under which there has been concurrent use without evidence of actual confusion.
9. The variety of goods on which a mark is or is not used.
10. The market interface between the applicant and the owner of a prior mark.
11. The extent to which applicant has a right to exclude others from use of its mark on its goods.
12. The extent of potential confusion.
13. Any other established fact probative of the effect of use.”
30. In Polaroid Corp. v. Polarad Elecs. Corp. (287 F.2d 492 (2d Cir. 1961), the United States
Court of Appeals, Second Circuit mentioned the following eight
factors, relevant for considering the question as to the likelihood of
confusion:
“Where the products are different, the prior owner's chance of success is a function of many variables: the strength of his mark, the degree of similarity between the two marks, the proximity of the products, the likelihood that the prior owner will bridge the gap, actual confusion, and the reciprocal of defendant's good faith in adopting its own mark, the quality of defendant's product, and the sophistication of the buyers.”
31. Insofar as the similarity between the two competing trademarks
in this case is concerned, the learned Single Judge correctly observed
that the two trademarks are composite marks and the words ‘ROOH AFZA’ and ‘DIL AFZA’ cannot be dissected. The similarity must be
determined on the marks as a whole. However, in viewing whether
composite marks are deceptively similar, it is permissible to examine
a dominant part of the mark.
32. In Estate of P.D. Beckwith v. Commissioner of Patents (64 L.Ed. 705), the
United States Supreme Court had observed as under:-
“The commercial impression of a trademark is derived from it as a whole, not from its elements separated and considered in detail. For this reason it should be considered in its entirety…...”
33. The rationale for the anti-dissection rule is that a prospective
buyer retains the overall commercial impression of a trademark and
not one part of the same. However, it is not impermissible to examine
the dominant part of the mark for determining the overall impression
that a composite mark may carry. McCarthy explains the aforesaid
principle in the following words:
“The rationale of the rule [anti dissection rule] is that the commercial impression of a composite trademark on an ordinary prospective buyer is created by the mark as a whole, not by its component parts. However, it is not a violation of the anti-dissection rule to view the component parts of conflicting composite marks as a preliminary step on the way to an ultimate determination of probable customer reaction to the conflicting composite as a whole.... Thus, the conflicting marks must be compared in their entireties. A mark should not be directed or spilt up into its component parts and each part then compared with the corresponding parts of the conflicting mark to determine the likelihood of confusion. It is the impression that the mark as a whole creates on the average reasonably prudent buyer and not the parts thereof, that is important.”
34. In re National Data Corp (753 F.2d 1056), the United States Court of Appeals,
Federal Circuit had observed as under:-
“…...in articulating reasons for reaching a conclusion
on the issue of confusion, there is nothing improper
in stating that, for rational reasons, more or less
weight has to be given to a particular feature of a
mark, provided the ultimate conclusion rests on the
consideration of the marks in their entireties.”
35. In the facts of the present case, the word ‘AFZA’ is an integral
part of both the trademarks. The word ‘AFZA’ is from the Urdu
vocabulary and means “increasing” or “giver of plenty”. The learned
Single Judge noted that the words ‘AFZA’ means “increasing: adding”
as per the Gem Pocket Twenty First Century Dictionary - Urdu to
English (New Edition). The word ‘AFZA’, as understood in the Urdu
language, is neither descriptive of sharbats nor any of its attributes.
The use of the said word by the respondent, in respect of sharbat,
requires to be examined bearing the aforesaid as well as the fact that it
is a significant part of the appellants’ trademark.
36. Prima facie, the appellants’ trademark ‘ROOH AFZA’ was a
source identifier for the appellants’ product for over a century. The
appellants have also set out their sales turnover of the said product
which has increased consistently to over ₹309 crores in the year 2020.
The appellants also claimed that they have been consistently incurring
promotional expenses in respect of the said product and the annual promotional expenses for the year 2021 were in the vicinity of ₹5.8
crores. The appellants have also referred to a decision of the Lahore
High Court – Unani Dawakhana v. Hamdard Dawakhana (AIR 1930 Lah 999). The said
decision was rendered in a civil appeal filed in the year 1926 (Civil
Appeal No.106/1926). The respondent (Hamdard Dawakhana) in the
said case had filed a suit alleging infringement of the trademark
‘ROOH AFZA’ and seeking a perpetual injunction restraining the
appellant (defendant) from selling a preparation under the trademark
‘SHARBAT ROOH AFZA’ and further claiming damages of ₹500/-
on the ground of infringement of its trademark. It is not necessary to
examine the rival contentions. It is sufficient to note that the
respondent (Hamdard Dawakhana) had prevailed in securing an
injunction and the appeal filed by the appellant was dismissed. The
Court had noted that the reputation of the plaintiffs’ product
‘SHARBAT ROOH AFZA’ was extended beyond the confines in
Delhi. The plaintiff was also granted nominal damages of ₹100/-.
37. The said decision does indicate that the appellants (or their
predecessors) had actively defended the infringement of the trademark
‘ROOH AFZA’ as way back as in the early 1920s. The quantum of
sales also indicates that the appellants’ product has acquired immense
goodwill.
38. The word ‘AFZA’ is not descriptive of the product or one that
one would normally associate with non-alcoholic beverages. In this
view, the respondent’s use of the word ‘AFZA’ – which is a significant
part of the appellant’s composite trademark – as a part of a trademark in respect of a competing product, is material in determining whether
the two competing marks are similar. This is also relevant to determine
whether the respondent’s intention is to deceptively pass off its goods
as those of the appellants.
39. The learned Single Judge had also referred to the decision of the
Division Bench of this Court in Vardhman Buildtech Pvt. Ltd. & Ors.
v. Vardhman Properties Ltd.(2016 SCC OnLine Del 4738) and in Schering Corporation v. Alkem
Laboratories Ltd.(2009 SCC OnLine Del 3886), and observed that the plaintiff / appellant could
claim exclusivity only in respect of the complete trademark and not to
either of the two words constituting the wordmark ‘ROOH AFZA’.
40. The learned Single Judge also noted that ‘AFZA’ is not
descriptive of the sharbat; however, proceeded to hold that the
plaintiffs would have to show that they have built a reputation leading
to acquisition of a secondary meaning where ‘AFZA’ denotes only
‘ROOH AFZA’. We are of the view that this view is, ex facie,
erroneous. As noted above, the anti-dissection rule provides that a
composite mark cannot be dissected and the fact that a part of the
trademark is similar to part of the competing mark does not necessarily
lead to the conclusion that the two marks are similar. But that does not
mean similarity between significant part of the two competing marks
is required to be disregarded while ascertaining whether the two
composite marks are similar. The question whether the two composite
marks are similar must be adjudged by examining the two marks as a
whole and not by dissecting the same; but for the purpose of examining
whether the two marks are similar, it may be expedient to examine the
dominant part of the marks and it is also settled that a composite mark
may have more than one dominant part.
41. When one examines the question whether the words ‘ROOH AFZA’ and ‘DIL AFZA’ are similar, the fact that both the composite marks end with ‘AFZA’ does lend an element of similarity to both the marks. As noted above, this also acquires a higher significance since ‘AFZA’ is not a descriptive word of the product in question. But the use of the word ‘AFZA’, as a part of the impugned trademark, may not be dispositive of the question – whether the overall commercial impression of the impugned trademark is confusingly similar.
42. In M/s Kirorimal Kashiram Marketing & Agencies Pvt. Ltd. v.
M/s Shree Sita Chawal Udyog Mill (2010 SCC OnLine Del 2933), the Division Bench of this Court
had allowed the appeal, and restrained the respondent from using the
trademark “Golden Deer” or any other mark deceptively similar to the
appellant’s/plaintiff’s registered trademark “Double Deer” in respect
of rice. The Court observed that “it is not permissible to copy a
prominent part of the registered trademark of another person, more
so, when the said word mark is arbitrarily adopted with respect to the
product in question”. Although the said proposition has been worded
in wide terms, the same has to be read restrictively and in conformity
with the anti-dissection rule.
43. It is also relevant to compare the trade dress of the competing
products as that is also relevant to determine whether the overall
commercial impression is confusingly similar to that of the trademark
‘ROOH AFZA’.
44. In Vornado, Inc. v. Breuer Electric Mfg. Co. (390 F.2d 724), the United
States Court of Appeal Federal Circuit observed as under;
“[O]rdinarily, for a word mark we do not look to the trade dress, which can be changed at any time. But the trade dress may nevertheless provide evidence of whether the word mark projects a confusingly similar commercial impression.”
45. The question whether there is any propensity of confusion must
be viewed considering the overall commercial impression that the
impugned trademark may leave on a person of average intelligence and
imperfect recollection.
46. The courts have, in a number of cases, found similarities
between the meaning of the two marks to be dispositive of the question
whether the competing marks are deceptively or confusingly similar.
In Standard Oil Co. v. Standard Oil Co. (252 F.2d 65), the United States Court of
Appeals, 10th Circuit had observed as under:
“…..It is not necessary for similarity to go only to the eye or the ear for there to be infringement. The use of a designation which causes confusion because it conveys the same idea, or stimulates the same mental reaction, or has the same meaning is enjoined on the same basis as where the similarity goes to the eye or the ear.”
47. The meaning of the trademark also leaves an impact in the mind
and when a mark of somewhat similar meaning is presented to a person
of imperfect recollection, the person may recall the meaning of the
word mark and may confuse the source of product as that of the senior mark. In American Lead Pencil Co. v. L. Gottlieb & Sons (181 F. 178), the
United States Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York
accepted that the mental impact of a similarity in meaning may be so
pervasive as to outweigh any visual or phonetic difference.
48. There are several examples where competing marks have been
found to be similar on the basis of similarity of the meaning of the said
marks. Some of the oft cited examples of such competing marks are:
‘Acoustic Wave’ (for audio equipment) and ‘Power Wave’ (for video
and audio amplifiers); ‘Aqua Care’ (for equipment and chemical for
water treatment) and ‘Water Care’ (for water conditioning
equipment); ‘Arise’ (for breakfast drink) and ‘Awake’ (for an orange
juice) .
49. The mental impact of certain competing marks may be similar
although their meaning may not be identical. In such cases as well,
the courts have found marks to be confusingly similar. A few examples
of such cases would be ‘Blue Nun’ as compared to ‘Blue Angel’ and
‘Blue Chapel’ for wines. The meaning of the word ‘nun’, ‘angel’
and ‘chapel’ are different. But ‘Blue Angel’ and ‘Blue Chapel’ were
held to be confusingly similar to ‘Blue Nun’. The words ‘chapel’,
‘angel’ and ‘nun’ have different meanings but they are connected and
can be categorized as terms associated with a religion. The courts have
found that there is likelihood of confusion in view of the mental impression that a person of imperfect recollections may carry. Yet
another interesting case is that of the two competing marks ‘Chicken
of the Sea’ (for Tuna fish) and ‘Tuna O’ The Farm’ (for canned
chicken). The products are dissimilar as one is fish and the other is
chicken but there is unmistakable similarity in the idea that the two
marks throw up. Tuna is the seafood but is referred to as Chicken of
the Sea; Chicken is farm bred but is sold under the mark ‘Tuna O’ The
Farm’. The idea of terming a product of the farm as one that is from
the sea is conceptually similar to terming a product of the sea as one
that is from the farm.
50. In Kenner Parker Toys Inc. v. Rose Art Industries, Inc (963 F. 2d 350) , the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had found that
the trademark ‘FUNDOUGH’, which was used in respect of toy
molding compounds and related accessories was likely to cause
confusion with famous trade mark ‘PLAY-DOH’. Although the
meaning of the words ‘FUN’ and ‘PLAY’ is not identical, however,
the ideas that the two words throw up may be common. Thus, the
overall commercial impression of the trademark ‘FUNDOUGH’ was
found to be similar to that of the trademark ‘PLAY-DOH.
51. The Coordinate Bench of this Court in Shree Nath Heritage
Liquor Pvt. Ltd. v. Allied Blender & Distillers Pvt. Ltd. (2015 SCC OnLine Del 10164) had
examined the question of likelihood of confusion in the context of two
competing marks ‘Officer’s Choice’ and ‘Collector’s Choice’ used in
respect of alcoholic beverages. The Court found that there was likelihood of confusion even though the composite marks were not
identical. The word ‘Choice’ was common to both the competing
marks. The Court considered whether a person of average intelligence
and imperfect recollection would confuse the word ‘Collector’ and
‘Officer’. Both these words are phonetically different. However, on
the anvil of similarity of ideas, the Court found that both the words
denoted persons of authority and therefore, it was possible to a person
viewing the trademark ‘Collector’s Choice’ to mistake it as the product
covered under the brand ‘Officer’s Choice’. The Court also referred to
an article titled ‘Distinctive Brand Cues and Memory for Product
Consumption Experiences’ published in the International Journal of
Research in Marketing [22 (2005) 27-44]. The article referred to a
study of five brands of orange juice named after different Islands in
the Caribbean (Bahamas, Bermuda, Aruba, Dominica and Barbuda).
The study found that the ability of consumers to distinguish between
the said brands was poorer because of the shared conceptual
background. The consumers would readily recall that their favourite
brand of orange juice was named after the Caribbean Island; but would
have to further exercise their mind to recall the specific Island. Thus,
the Court held that in cases where the identity of the product had a
similarity in the conceptual background, there would be likelihood of
confusion. In that case, the confusion arose since Officer and Collector
are both persons of authority. It was possible for one to be mistaken
for the other as the consumer would generally recall that the brand
name referred to a person of authority.
52. The learned Single Judge did not accept that there could be any
confusion between the words ‘ROOH’ and ‘DIL’. The Court observed that ‘ROOH’ means “spirit” and ‘DIL’ means “heart” and they would
not denote the same thing. The learned Single Judge did not accept that
the words ‘DIL’ and ‘ROOH’ entail deep emotions and therefore, may
cause some confusion on account of their meaning. The learned Single
Judge also observed – one may add with a hint of humour – that
“buying a bottle of sharbat may involve emotions, but not deep to the
extent hoped for by the learned counsel for the plaintiffs”. The
question whether buying a bottle evokes deep emotions is, clearly, not
the point in issue. The relevant question to be addressed is whether
meaning of the words ‘ROOH’ and ‘DIL’, at some level, have a mental
impact that would lead a person of imperfect recollection to be
confused between the two trademarks. It is well recognized that words
with a similar meaning or a close connection may leave mental
impressions that may lead one to confuse one with the other. It would,
thus, be relevant to address whether there is any close relation between
the meaning of the two words ‘ROOH’ and ‘DIL’.
53. When one considers that the literal meaning of the Urdu word
‘ROOH’ in English language is "soul’ and that of ‘DIL’ is ‘heart’, the
connection becomes clear at once. The words ‘heart’ and ‘soul’ are
part of the commonly used phrase of the English language and the
words ‘heart’ and ‘soul’ are used commonly in conjunction. The term
“heart and soul” is said to have originated in the 1700s. Harper Collins
Dictionary defines the said phrase, when incorporated in a sentence, as
“if you put your heart and soul into something, you do it with great
enthusiasm and energy”. It also signifies the essence or core of a
matter. Over the years, it has been used in several contexts. ‘Heart and
Soul’ was an American silent film in the year 1917. Thereafter, there have been many movies, tv series, albums, novels/books, songs titled
‘Heart and Soul’. ‘Heart and Soul’ is the title of a popular song
composed by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser. The
said song gained immense popularity and has been performed by other
artists between 1938-1961. BR Ambedkar has also popularly referred
to Article 32 of the Constitution of India as “the heart and soul” of the
Constitution.
54. The propensity for confusion on account of a similar meaning
has to be understood in a wider sense. It is not essential that the
competing brands be synonymous. Given that the chords of memory
are also connected by association of ideas and subjects; a wider
conceptual association between the meaning of the competing brands
may be sufficient to add to consumer confusion.
55. Hugh Chrisholm has explained the theory expounded by Sir W.
Hamilton and suggests that Hamilton has advanced four general laws
of mental succession. An excerpt from Chrisholm’s article is given
below:
“Hamilton's own theory of mental reproduction, suggestion, or association is a development, greatly modified, of the doctrine expounded in his Lectures on Metaphysics (vol. ii. p. 223, seq.), which reduced the principles of association first to two—Simultaneity and Affinity, and these further to one supreme principle of Redintegration or Totality. In the ultimate scheme he posits no less than four general laws of mental succession concerned in reproduction:
(1) Associability or possible co-suggestion (all thoughts of the same mental subject are associable or capable of suggesting each other);
(2) Repetition or direct remembrance (thoughts coidentical in modification, but differing in time, tend to suggest each other);
(3) Redintegration, direct remembrance or reminiscence (thoughts once coidentical in time, are, however, different as mental modes, again suggestive of each other, and that in the mutual order which they originally held);
(4) Preference (thoughts are suggested not merely by force of the general subjective relation subsisting between themselves, they are also suggested in proportion to the relation of interest, from whatever source, in which they stand to the individual mind).”
56. It is thus not difficult to conceive that a person who looks at the
label of DIL AFZA may recall the label of ROOH AFZA as the word
‘AFZA’ is common and the meaning of the words ‘ROOH’ and ‘DIL’,
when translated in English, are commonly used in conjunction.
57. At this stage, it would be relevant to set out the two labels and
the images of the two products. The same are set out below:-
58. It is clear from the aforesaid images that there is a similarity in
the trade dress of the two products. Both the products have the same
deep red colour and texture. It was contended that the colour of the
concentrate is common to the product and cannot be taken into account
to consider the question of infringement or passing off. However, if
one considers the overall impression of the product, the fact that both
the bottles are transparent and the colour of the liquid is the same
would, undoubtedly, add to the impression of the product that may be
recalled by any consumer. In addition, it is relevant to note that the
structure of the bottles is not materially different. Both the bottles also
have circular rings and the position of the trademark label is similar.
59. The appellants claim that the shape of the bottle with circular rings is also their registered trademark. The same is mentioned in the
plaint but not considered by the learned Single Judge because the same
was not urged.
60. The impression of the label is also somewhat similar in view of
the colour used. The ROOH AFZA label uses colourful flowers,
leaving an oval space for the mark to be depicted; and the label DIL
AFZA uses has colourful fruits on the boundaries, leaving an oval
patch on which the trademark ‘DIL AFZA’ is written. Both the
competing labels can be described as busy considering the number of
images captured therein. The overall impression of the trade dress is
quite similar.
61. If one considers the above factors cumulatively, it is apparent
that the commercial impression of the impugned trademark is
deceptively similar to the appellants’ trademark. First of all, the
impugned trademark has certain phonetic similarities inasmuch as the
trademarks end with the word ‘AFZA’. The last syllables, which form
the majority of the syllables, in both the competing mark are thus
similar. Second, the word ‘AFZA’ is a significant part of the trademark
‘ROOH AFZA.’ Undoubtedly, it is a contributing feature to the overall
commercial impression of the trademark ‘ROOH AFZA’ as well as the
impugned trademark. Third, if recall from memory is triggered by the
English meaning of the words ‘ROOH’ and ‘DIL’, the fact that heart
and soul is a commonly used phrase, provides a common conceptual
background. Fourth, the trade dress, which includes the shape of the
bottle, the overall design of the bottle, the placement of the house
mark, the colourfully busy design of the label, are the material
contributors to the overall commercial impression of the competing trademarks.
62. The value of the product is another factor to be considered. The
product is a consumable item and is a low-priced product. Thus, the
attention that the customer may devote to the product on a shelf or on
an online marketplace would, at best, be cursory. It is not expected that
the average customer would deliberate on the details of the product as
one would do while taking a high value investment decision.
63. As noted above, the trademark ‘ROOH AFZA’ has been used in
respect of the appellant’s product for over a century. Prima facie, it is
a strong mark. It is also well settled that the requirement of protection
varies inversely with the strength of the mark; the stronger the mark,
the higher the requirement to protect the same. Trademarks serve as
source identifiers. It is also well-settled that in case of a well-known
mark, which has acquired a high degree of goodwill, the mark requires
higher protection as it is more likely to be subjected to piracy from
those who seek to draw an undue advantage of its goodwill. In the
present case, the appellants claim that the trademark ‘ROOH AFZA’
is a well-known mark.
64. In Planters Nut & Chocolate Co. v. Crown Nut Co. (305 F.2d 916), the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit had observed
that a mark’s fame is an incentive for competitors “to tread closely on
the heels of a very successful trademarks”. In cases of a weak
trademark, where the trademark has not acquired significant goodwill,
a higher degree of similarity is permissible. However, strong marks
which have acquired immense goodwill are vulnerable from competitors seeking to ride on their goodwill. Such marks require a
higher degree of protection and it is necessary to ensure that the marks
of a competitor do not come close to the said senior marks.
65. In Kenner Parker Toys v. Rose Art Industries (963 F. 2d 350), the United
States Federal Court has observed as under:-
“A strong mark, on the other hand [as opposed to weak
marks] casts a long shadow which competitors must
avoid.”
66. Prima facie, the word ‘ROOH AFZA’ has served as the source
identifier for the appellant’s product for over a century and it has
acquired immense goodwill. We are of the view that the said mark
requires a high degree of protection and it is essential to ensure that
the competitors keep a safe distance from the said mark.
67. Given the overall commercial impression, prima facie, we are
of the view that the impugned trademark lacks sufficient degree of
dissimilarity, which is required to protect the appellant’s trademark.
68. The learned Single Judge had also proceeded on the basis that
the respondent had used the mark ‘DIL AFZA’ at least since 1976 and
therefore, the two competing marks had co-existed for a considerable
period without any allegation of confusion. First of all, there are no
invoices or material to indicate the sale or volume of sales of product
under the mark ‘DIL AFZA’. More importantly, the impugned
trademark was stated to be used in respect of a medicinal syrup and
not in respect of a non-alcoholic beverage. The respondent had applied
for registration of the mark ‘SHARBAT DIL AFZA’ in Class 32 for
‘syrups and beverages’, on 10.06.2018, on a ‘proposed to be used’ basis. The respondent also applied for registration of the impugned
trademark in Class 5 for ‘Unani Medicines and Unani Medicated
Syrups’, claiming use since 01.01.1949. The appellants do not seek to
interdict the respondent’s use of the mark for Unani medicinal syrups;
their case of infringement of trademark and passing off is in respect of
non-alcoholic beverages. The question whether the use of the
impugned trademark is likely to cause confusion is required to be
considered in the context of its use in respect of the product in question
– beverage concentrate and not medicinal syrup. The two products –
medicated syrups and beverages concentrate – cater to different
markets. In any view, the reasoning that there is no likelihood of
confusion as the competing marks had coexisted is, ex facie, erroneous
as the same is based on use of the impugned trademark in respect of
medicated syrups without examining the trade dress, the label, the size
of packaging etc. of that product.
69. Concededly, the medicinal syrup is sold in smaller bottles and
with a completely different trademark. As noted above, the markets for
the two products (medicinal syrup and non-alcoholic beverage) are
different. Prima facie, absent any cogent material, the respondent
cannot draw any benefit from the use of the impugned trademark in
respect of the medicinal syrup. There is also no material to indicate the
volume of the sales of the medicinal syrup to ascertain whether the
impugned trademark has acquired any goodwill in respect of that
product. The appellants have also filed an affidavit of an investigator
affirming that the medicinal products of the respondent available in the
market do not include a syrup under the impugned trademark.
70. The respondent had also relied on registration of various marks using the word ‘AFZA.’ The appellants have strongly contested that
any of the said marks have any presence in the market of beverages.
The appellants have also filed an affidavit of an investigator indicating
that the market presence of products sold under brand names
incorporating the word ‘AFZA’ is not significant. Most of them are
not available or do not relate to beverages. Absent any material to show
that there are significant sales of products under the brand names that
include the word ‘AFZA’, it would be erroneous to accept that the
word ‘AFZA’ is common to trade.
71. In view of the above, the impugned order is set aside. By an ad
interim order dated 15.12.2020, the learned Single Judge had recorded
the statement made on behalf of the respondent (defendant) that the
respondent would not manufacture and sell syrups and beverages
falling under Class 32 under the impugned trademark ‘DIL AFZA’.
The said ad interim order is made absolute and shall continue till the
disposal of the suit. The respondent shall not manufacture and sell any
product under Class 32 under the impugned trademark ‘DIL AFZA’
till the disposal of the suit.
72. The appeal is allowed in the aforesaid terms. All pending
applications are also disposed of.
VIBHU BAKHRU, J
AMIT MAHAJAN, J
DECEMBER 21, 2022
GSR/RK
Tags:
Judgment